Electricity & Electrons

A journey from inside the atom to understanding how electrons move and generate electricity in wires and circuits — covering voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law

How current flows through electrical circuits and how to calculate voltage and resistance — with practical applications in industrial control panels

Why do factories use AC? Where is DC preferred? Sine waves, frequency, RMS values, and rectification explained for industrial engineers

How three-phase power works and why it is the foundation of every factory — star and delta connections, power calculations, and balancing

How transformers work using mutual induction — types, efficiency, and applications in factories and distribution substations

Why factories pay penalties for low power factor and how to fix it with capacitors — active, reactive, and apparent power explained

Electrical shock hazards and how to prevent them — circuit breakers, fuses, grounding, and Lock-Out Tag-Out procedures

Why grounding is the most critical element in electrical protection — types, earth resistance measurement, and IEC standards

How to protect equipment from short circuits and overloads — breaker types, protection relays, and coordination

What is inside an electrical distribution panel? Breakers, contactors, busbars — and how to read single-line diagrams

How capacitors store energy in electric fields and inductors in magnetic fields — with applications in filtering and control circuits

How to select the right wire gauge for the load — industrial cable types, color standards, and cable protection methods

Solar and wind energy in industrial context — PV panels, inverters, energy storage, and grid integration

What a PCB is and how it's designed — layers, traces, pads, vias, and the manufacturing process from schematic to board

Reading and drawing electronic schematics — symbols, nets, values, labels, and connecting microcontrollers to sensors and motors

Installing KiCad and creating your first project — from schematic to board layout and exporting Gerber files for manufacturing

Trace widths, ground planes, and separating analog from digital signals — rules that protect your board from noise and failures

Linear regulators, DC-DC converters, and power filtering — designing stable power for an embedded system in an electrically noisy factory

Gerber files, BOM, and choosing a fab — ordering your board from JLCPCB or PCBWay and soldering SMD and through-hole components

What an embedded system is and how it differs from a computer — microcontroller architecture, memory, peripherals, and clock

Configuring pins as inputs and outputs — reading buttons, driving LEDs and relays, and handling pull-up and pull-down resistors

Analog-to-digital converter ADC — reading temperature, pressure, and current sensors with understanding resolution, noise, and calibration

Three essential protocols for connecting microcontrollers to sensors, displays, and memory — when to use each and how they differ

Microcontroller timers and Pulse Width Modulation — controlling motor speed, LED brightness, and generating precise signals

External and timer interrupts plus FreeRTOS — how a microcontroller responds to multiple events in real-time

Programming ESP32 with WiFi and MQTT — building an IIoT node that reads sensors and sends data to the server wirelessly

Applying everything you learned — designing a PCB and programming an STM32 to read sensors and transmit data via Modbus